Internet

History of the Internet


The ARPANET was the first wide area network for military purposes in the middle of the 1960s emerged. In the event of a nuclear war destroyed most of the telephone lines during the continuation of computer communication intended. Paul Baran, Rand Corp.. on behalf of the idea of packet-switching network gelişdi. Packet-switched networks, each message is divided into smaller parts and these parts to reach its destination successfully achieved the creation of the original message.
In 1969, DARPA (Defense Advanced Projects Agency), the United States launched a project for the creation of an exemplary packet-switched network. This network, called ARPANET is. ARPANET, was created with the aim to learn the techniques of data haberleşmesindeki. 1972, a network of networks began to emerge. The ARPANET was a show consisting of 40 computers. In 1975, ARPANET was successfully took the position of a functional network, many organizations joined the network.
In 1983, the Internetworking Working Group (INWG) TCP / IP has become essential. TCP / IP protocols as the military standard (MIL STD) is adapted. The term has been used widely in the same years, the Internet. TCP / IP protocol, the addition of the Unix operating system, then, in 1984, the DNS (Domain Name System) is introduced. DNS 's took 4 years to complete. In 1985, the NSFNET from super computers, the TCP / IP-based network created and established for the operation.
The old ARPANET, the MILNET and the ARPANET was smaller (DDN: Defense Data Network) is divided into two. The existence of the ARPANET in 1990, lost.
ARPANET was the original Internet from newborn, a worldwide collection of networks connected. These networks of different physical networks to a single logical network connection to the Internet protocol (IP) use.
Initially using the Internet extensively with the academic world in recent years, the Internet information age has become an indispensable tool for any segment of society.



What is the Internet?
Internet, covering the whole world, spread over 110 countries and more than 2,000,000 computer (host) computer network linking about 5000 at the beginning of toplamıdır.1994 There are approximately 12 million Internet users. Supports Internet access to general information, and electronic mail (electronic mail), the conference provides presentations on topics such as communication services. All information and services, the Internet, distributed by various networks and the Internet address of a valid and accessible from any location are just the physical connection. Experience the Internet bağlanmaktadırlar two main reasons. First, Internet connectivity and provides access to useful information worldwide. Second, connect to the Internet, companies are cheaper than establishing a special wide area network. Operation of the Internet, federal authorities in the United States taxpayers' duties are met. Once the use of the Internet in research, education and government organizations in sınırlandırıldıysa activities, commercial use has been greatly expanded recently. These developments completely customize the way some observers speculated that the Internet is pushing in the near future. In such a case the user access to Internet resources will be determined by prices.

 TCP / IP is
"Information Network" and sharing some of the rules on the transmission of information within the rules yapılmaktadır.Bu simply "Internet protocols", or TCP / IP protocols family denir.TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), computers and data transmission / receiving units providing the organization, thus enabling data communication from one of many data communication protocol, the general addır.Bir other words, the TCP / IP protocols data communication between computers as an example of the rules koyar.Bu protocols, file import / export protocol (FTP, File Transfer Protocol), electronic mail protocol (SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), TELNET protocol (developed for interactive work on another computer on the Internet Log protolü) verilebilir.Adını link objects to each other frequently heard in the WWW protocol that allows the transmission of the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) as a adlandırılmaktadır.TCP / Ipprotokolü the same time, many other different types of communication networks, computer workstations kullanılabilir.Özellikle also connects local networks (LAN) is common.Standards
TCP / IP protocol set is about 100 protocol. Many of the lower layer protocols, IP datagrams shows how to move. The set-key protocols, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP-User Datagram Protocol). There are three basic protocols in the application services: This service provides a virtual terminal protocol, TELNET, File Transfer Protocol (FTP File Transfer Protocol) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). Protokol'ünce the Simple Network Management Network management (SNMP-Simple Network Management Protocol) is provided.TCP / IP, since the beginning of the Local Area Connection (LAN-Local Area Network), Local and Wide Area Networks (LAN-WAN) connection, computer network management, and emerging issues such as provision of information service that caters for.The protocol provides a set of every conceivable type of computer support. TCP / IP, the general environment, there `s source code, the use is encouraged. SNMP for network management, the Internet creates the TCP / IP-based networks, the management has to de-facto standard. SNMP client / server (client / server) architecture, operates and controls using a variety of network devices.Beginning in 1988, since the use of SNMP has been so successful that most of the commercial network operator on its own special variety of the Internet began to use SNMP to Local Area Network components. Many in the industry analyst widespread use of SNMP, OSI-based network management systems sees as the cause of slow progress.
What the Internet offers?
Internet is a "communication network" defined as information that circulates on the network after you specify, the Internet offers to guess what is actually on the infrastructure so the power değil.Bu "communication network" between two computers located in any of the basic bi-directional information processing aktarımıdır.Burada knowledge refers to a file in one of the computers, a computer program or may be a message.Internet, technically, the TCP / IP protocol supported by many as sunar.Örnek service, internet access with a user, if he is given the authority, any other computer connected to the Internet can access the information, bilgisayarınaalabilir they own their own computer with internet access in the other file to a computer / information gönderebilir.Bu feature, file transfer protocol as a bilinir.Benzer way, users on the Internet electronic mail gönderebilirler.Bu each other, the mail transmission protocol through the bilinir.İnternet different protocols people, "information access" offers. So, with the help of the internet "every kind" in terms of erişebilirsiniz.İçerik information, the Internet, sometimes they offer brief descriptions of the human imagination can easily force the size varmaktadır.Vizyondaki films screen in our house or move it to connect to the U.S. Library of Congress's Scientific and Technical screening yapabiliriz.Tübitak You can browse the new and the old volumes of journals, articles in okuyabiliriz.Ya, Hacettepe Univ. 'What the temperature reached the current Beytepe campus görebiliriz.Başka graphically as an example, we want to participate in the meeting of a scientific paper and via the Internet to increase gönderebiliriz.Örnekleri is possible to connect to services from NASA , the latest satellite pictures of crawl, or poetry in their libraries connect to the secret okuyabiliriz.Son developed the World Wide Web (WWW, Web)-based Internet tools and access to information easier and more accessible information and the amount and types of services as a artmışlardır.İnternet 's offer , it requests the users, always with imagination and developing Internet technology çoğalmaktadır.İnternet, to facilitate access to information in different 'information search / scan' sunar.İnternet methods of information they offer is very wide and it's between the unconscious use, the human way very easy to lose.

Internet
Internet is the most important international networks. The roots of the Internet during the cold war the U.S. is based on a study commissioned by the Ministry of Defence. During a nuclear war, many computers were damaged or destroyed in an environment designed to make possible a system of communication.Messages per address, and track information by adding small packets and divided, taking into account the dynamic changes in the target computer network by following a path reaches. The results of this research is a small network called the ARPANET University in California developed a tried and things to BSD Unix system was opened to everyone. But the Internet is the main reason for achieving the size and importance to the present, we can call the American TUBITAK NSF (National Science Foundation), founded by different parts of the country is very expensive to provide to researchers all over the country of 6 Super Computers kurmasıydı a network. This network has become the Internet.Various sizes up to 5 million spread over the Internet worldwide computer network of a large. Any brand of computer and operating system can be used.Narrow the scope of the word Internet, TCP / IP to use as a permanent basis and be open with the lines between the machines within the network allows you to change the on-line electronic object. Broad sense of the Internet, all networks, includes the passage of machines.
Who is in the Internet?
The extent that the Internet world

    * Universities,
    * Research institutes,
    * NASA, NBS, government agencies like the NIH,
    * Computer companies, and all matters small and large commercial organizations,
    * MCI Mail, CompuServe, ATT Mail, the commercial networks are operated by companies such as Apple Link,
    * The United Nations, international organizations, such as,
    * AMS, IEEE, such as professional organizations,
    * Bassist U.S. Library of Congress, including national, university and public libraries,
    * Central government departments of various countries (U.S., Japan, Germany, Hungary, Australia, France, Israel, ...),
    * Parliaments,
    * Political parties,
    * Local governments,
    * Non-governmental organizations,
    * Press-TV companies,
    * Museums,
    * Professional and commercial rooms,
National and World electronic society, in short anyone who has anything to say on the Internet, or is about to be.Operator and Service Provider Organizations
Until recently, the easiest way to access the Internet, either in America or a government agency under the umbrella of a university gerçekleşebiliyordu. Users can, by agreement in exchange for free or a small fee, can get an address to the Internet bağlanabiliyorlardı. The weight of the Internet and government research projects with a broader shift in the interests of network operators and service providers have begun to offer Internet services, including commercial access.


For example, IBM, MCI Communications Corp.. and Merit Network Inc.. 's of the Advanced Networks and Services (ANS, Advanced Network and Services) is a consortium named, including the NSFNET backbone to connect to the Internet through a variety of services. The NSFNET Backbone on the Internet in the United States, the National Science Foundation (National Science Foundation) was founded by. NSFNET'e through a gateway (gateway) who want to connect to the regional and state networks, information providers who want access to databases of universities and companies are among ANS'nin customers.Turkey TR-NET (Turkey Internet Working Group), TUBITAK and METU centers provide Internet service to all of Turkey.Internet Resources
News
One of the most useful sources on the Internet, bulletin board systems containing a large number of topics (BBS-Bulletin Board Systems), with a total network news (threaded Netnews). News groups are arranged in a tree structure. This structure is a root of science, art devoted to a subject such as parent. Roots in the each of the branches consists of determining a subject area. UNIX-based systems, network news has emerged. Rn, nn, trn and xrn UNIX programs, such as is used to read network news. Non-UNIX users, the network news and uyumlularıyla the IBM PC, Macintosh and VAX / VMS systems, use software packages to read. Many local bulletin board provides access to the network news.Internet users can get information about a member of the list as they wish. List administrators periodically collected information packets to members yollarlar lists. This electronic mail (e-mail) lists can be accessed through most of the Usenet. Usenet newsgroups containing more than 3500 issue presented the general structure of a BBS.
E-mail
Internet the world's largest electronic mail (e-mail) network. Today there are large differences between commonly used in electronic mail systems. However, the Internet, users of messages to read, store, send, and reply in during a variety of services such as communications with side, giving users all over the world provides. Reason for the sudden popularity of the Internet, electronic mail services is actually increasing its interactive link.Other Internet users in the user code on the Internet, as a person, Compuserve, BITNET, MCI, and similar mail systems Applelink users can also e-mail communications. Similarly, users of these systems also can use the Internet as a way to communicate among themselves.At the same time, personal computers, various software companies formed for the exchange of messages between LANs and UNIX environments gateway (Gateway) provide. For example, Computer Mail Services company (Computer Mail Services, CMS), called the S-bridge, the message service offices in the mail, the SMTP-based electronic mail system that connects to a gateway product offers. This product, Message Control Services, (Message Handling Service MHS) programs supporting the personal computer-based electronic mail, the UNIX operating system allows the exchange of messages between SMTP-based electronic mail program. MHS, personal computers, local area network composed of the most popular electronic mail systems used by the board of hide-and-Forward (Store-and-Forward) technology.
CMS is a product of other gateway M-bridge'tir for UNIX-based machines. MCI Mail, fax and telex services of this product in conjunction with the SMTP-based electronic mail systems connects.
Real-Time Applications (Real Time Applications)
In addition to electronic mail, the Internet also supports a variety of real time operations. For example, students at universities in America each other main-line programs or interactive simulations of acting ', and other events gerçekleştirmektedirler. These simulations are the products of real or imagined political or historical events that can occur. Students are asked to choose their roles to an existing character. Students also learn the lessons of these roles while at the same time.Decision-making simulations, students with little impact to the environment will be left facing a variety of environmental and construction problems. A program can be given as an example, the University of Michigan School of Education for nine years working within the Interactive Communications and Simulations Project. This time in the country within twenty-four hundred twelve thousand school students participated in the program's various learning simulations.
Library CatalogsToday, the library catalog on the Internet, there are close to 300. Among these, more than 100 collections, archives and research library catalogs showing with a database of over 40 million records and Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), a memorable example. Internet, U.S. Congress Library, the University of Colorado in the subject line 220000, Boston, Maine and Harvard University provides access to library catalogs. Determining the location of an Internet user in the United States wants the book to their local library using Interlibrary Loan Program may borrow this book. In early 1992, Carnegie Mellon University Camp, founded one of America Distributed Processing based on the first electronic library systems.The system information is scattered on the campus instead of a single main computer Servers stores. The system, faculty and students, even going out of rooms, the university provides the opportunity to obtain documents in the library. Connecting to the Internet, some university collections throughout the world makes it possible to reach users.Internet access methods
Internet, a modem and a personal computer can be connected to someone with very little in return for a fee. In many cases, even a link to the requested service can be obtained according to the type of BBS. In the same way, using e-mail facilities through a passage way to be connected to the internet. For example, MCI Mail and AT & T's Easy Link users can send e-mail messages to any address on the Internet. However, these indirect methods is connected to the Internet does not support real-time applications. Users can connect to the Internet in various ways. Connected the shape, connects the user determines how often the intenet. Occasional users who connect to the Internet can use a dial-up line, but it is not efficient for this type of connections are often connected. These users to the Internet via leased lines or packet-switched networks bağlanmalıdırlar.



Names and Addresses
Addressing strategies
The first computer systems, users understand and use numerical addresses were originally designed on the basis of (system tables, devices such as printers and tape units, etc.).. Then, the resulting systems, external devices (printer, etc..) Began to appear with symbolic names, and files more understandable. Similarly, there was a change in network connections. First, the computers connected to the network technology emerged from point to point and the low-level hardware was used to identify the names of machines.However, many computer connection with each other on the agenda when the need for top-level addressing structure was born. Users of many computing environments, machines, machine-understandable symbolic names to identify the structure of an addressing demanded. According to the present day because it is a very small number of computers with a naming method was used initially only for the purpose of the machine the user (staff, research, accounting, development, etc.).. However, increasing the number of machines with new names, and all the symbolic names of these interconnected systems to a central control was worse.Addressing the problems in order to minimize, as the center of the computer names instead of control and registration system as a more appropriate hierarchical (hierarchical), and an addressing system was decentralized authority is distributed. In this system, addressing the general to specific authority to control the level of the right are made and distributed to each address. In this structure, 'The Naming System-Domain Name System "or simply the DNS name is given. Hierarchical structure Area (Domain) names a little more detailed look at the concept.
Area (Domain) name of each other in a period (.) And separated from the lower hierarchical level names (subnames) series. For example, the Middle East Technical University Computer Center Field name
cc.metu.edu.tr
four levels and each level is indicated by the Domain Name also given. In our example, the lowest level of the 'cc' (Computer Center) shows the Computer Center. The third level 'metu', Stanford University is the name of the Domain. A top-level 'edu' (Education) in this domain so if they belong to an educational institution. The top-level 'en' in the ISO (Internetional Standards Organization) established by Turkey's country code. Some of the top-level domain names used are listed below:
. Com commercial organizations (commercial). Edu educational institutions (education). Gov government agencies (government). Nm military organizations (military). Net network organizations (networking). ISO standard country code, country code
In short, the following domain names and sub-domains according to the hierarchical structure is given by:Makine.altorganizasyon.organizasyon.domainComputer Networks
If more than one computer to connect to the computer network to be able to talk to each other call.The first aim of computer networks of machines on the network between the machines to share resources and created objects.Station with a user's desk PC terminal-is able to use the resources on the network. This machine is the user interface allows for an independent.
In other words, to use a particular program or data base that do not have to be at the beginning of the program is installed on the machine, the database can use the user's own machine or a remote user with a program running (telnet, remote login), and a database program that uses the machine.File-sharing as important methods of Network File System (NFS), Andrew File System (AFS), and Alex are. For example, Carnegie Mellon University, MIT and the University of Michigan, through the AFS and the trunks of a birlerinin can access the file. One of the world's largest archives of the St.. Louis Washington University archive (ftp.wustl.edu) is encouraging its install disks for NFS. Those who want to archive disk drives, such as self-loading and can use any machine (there can not type and can be a little slow, depending on your line).Who by the Internet?
Internet users, basically a fast, reliable communication and to share objects that are products of human experience because it uses the Internet all the disciplines and professional groups. As a result of the development of Internet tools is not afraid of computers and sophisticated computer and Internet access for every citizen interested in a number of offers.Each institution wishing to benefit from the Internet as a node in joining the Internet is a good idea. This organization provides the opportunity to open their local networks to the Internet, so that company employees can access all the Internet facilities in their natural work environment: Unix, Mac, mswindows, vms, etc. like.At the same time a sign hanging CyberSpace'de institution offers. Now the world is a part of the electronic community, electronic yayımcılığa soyunabilirsiniz in this space the way you want.
What can be done?
Using the Internet to any user, you can easily:

    * Communication with colleagues, exchange of articles, books, software, advertisements, conference announcement, application, abstract, article and offer to organize the conference,
    * Specializing in specific topics, electronic discussion and communication groups (lists) to join, follow the developments, ask questions and get help,
    * Professional organizations news such as the American Mathematical Society,
    * United Nations organizations such as access to databases,
    * U.S. access to various data bases: Congress, the Supreme Court, the White House, such as the Ministry of Commerce,
    * Technical reports, access course notes,
    * Money making some (Public Domain) software, learn,
    * `On the Line 'to take courses in universities (Global Network Academy)
    * To browse the library catalog,
    * Science and find the addresses of professionals and organizations,
    * `On the Line 'by using the services of books, articles, commercial products, order equipment, etc.,
    * `On Line Hospital to visit
    * Access to commercial databases of institutions
    * Multi-cast watch events: concerts, like the movie.
Electronic publishing on the internet through any corporation

    * Create your own institution may announce policies
    * You can promote its products, market
    * Carry out public attachments
    * Data base open in his hand.
What can we access?
Difficult to classify the structure of the Internet is a dynamic and controversial issue. Tell objects to be accessed by considering some sort of a repeat. Commercial use services should make pre-agreement.Static Objects: ArchivesUniversities, computer companies, government agencies, etc., documents and programs around the world in the hands of anyone who wants to (publicly) the most simple and common way of opening public roads open archives (Public Archives). A specific location on the disk is divided in the objects they wish to share with the people they put there. These are `White paper 'can be a` bug-fix for commercial software can be', `policy statement 'may be announcements. Arguments developed in the university environment, post technical reports, programs, audio files, image files can.
Archives

    * Theses, technical reports,
    * Electronic books,
    * Tables and similar works of art. Gif,. Png formats such as serial,
    * NASA astrophysics data observed,
    * Various Audio Recordings
    * For all computer types and operating systems: Freeware, Shareware, Public Domain, CopyLeft'li (GNU), millions of software,
    * A variety of statistical data,
    * White House Reports v.s. can be found.
Objects can be screenedOver the keyword a database of regular expression or `, 'or` boolean search' on the so-called scan to scan the entire text of the examples:

    * Phonebooks, whois, X.500
    * Finger, nslookup, dig
    * Library catalogs
    * WAIS, Z39.50, Isearch
    * Web browsing:
    * W3Catalog,
    * Lycous,
    * Web Meta-Library,
    * Web Worm,
    * Aliweb,
    * Nortstar,
    * Nomad
    * Jumpstart (js)
    * CrawlWeb,
    * Harvest
    * Glimpse
Complex (composite) objects

    * Hypertext documents,
    * Multi-media documents.

Semi-Commercial Services
    * All kinds of books ısmarlanması
    * All types of CD
    * Commercial companies on-line catalogs
    * Hardware and Software
    * Communications Services, hardware, software
    * Music (note, Instruments, CDs, etc.),
    * Financial, `leasing ', and Consulting
    * Travel
    * Flowers, Games
    * Food, such as coffee
    * Sport vs. other Clothing
    * Ziynet, Sports Cars
    * Painting and Art Supplies
    * Services, such as the Journal Graphics
    * Services, such as the Dow Jones
    * Business on-line journals
    * E-mail-based calling service
Others

    * Chat, Talk, IRC (Internet Relay Chat),
    * Internet Talk Radio,
    * Free University,
    * Virtual Reality,
    * MUD, MOO
    * TPC fax
Source: Anonymous